Cosmos is a distributed network of independent parallel blockchains, each constructed by BFT consensus algorithms such as the Tendermint Consensus. Cosmos, in other words, is an ecosystem where blockchains can expand and interoperate with each other.

Cosmos's vision is to make it easy for developers to build blockchains and break down barriers between them by allowing them to trade with each other. The ultimate goal is to create a blockchain Internet, a blockchain network that can communicate with each other in a decentralized way. With Cosmos, blockchain can maintain sovereignty, process transactions quickly, and communicate with other blockchains in the ecosystem, making it the best choice for a variety of use cases.

The POW consensus used in Bitcoin was the first decentralized application on the blockchain, and the potential of decentralized applications was quickly realized. At the time, there were two options for developing decentralized applications: forking the Bitcoin code base or building on top of it. However, the Bitcoin code base is very simple, with all three tiers of networks, consensus and applications mixed together. In addition, the Bitcoin scripting language is limited and user unfriendly, requiring better tools. In 2004 ethereum proposed a new idea of building decentralized applications. With a single blockchain, people can deploy any kind of program in it. Ethereum does this by converting the application layer into a virtual machine called an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The virtual machine is capable of handling applications called smart contracts that any developer can deploy to the Ethereum blockchain without permission. This new approach allows thousands of developers to start building decentralized applications (dApps). However, the limitations of this approach soon became apparent and persist to this day. Limitation 1: Scalability The first limitation is scalability. Decentralized applications built on Top of Ethereum are limited by sharing rates of 15 transactions per second. This is because Ethereum still uses proof of work, and Ethereum DApps compete for the limited resources of a single blockchain. Limitation 2: Usability The second limitation is the relatively low flexibility granted to developers. Because EVM is a sandbox that needs to accommodate all use cases, it is optimized for average use cases. This means that developers must compromise the design and efficiency of their applications (for example, requiring the use of the account model in payment platforms where the UTXO model might be preferred). In addition, they are limited to a few programming languages and do not allow automatic code execution. Limitation 3: Sovereignty The third limitation is that each application is limited to sovereignty because they all share the same underlying environment. Essentially, this creates two layers of governance: that of the application, and that of the underlying environment. The former is limited by the latter. If there are bugs in the application, nothing can be done without the governance approval of the Ethereum platform itself. If an application needs new functionality in EVM, it must again rely entirely on the governance of the Ethereum platform to accept it. These limitations are not limited to Ethereum, but to all blockchains that attempt to create a single platform that fits all use cases. This is where Cosmos comes in.

In Cosmos, each application is encouraged to deploy as a separate Cosmos Zone. Cosmos provides the core software foundation (SDK, IBC, etc.) needed to develop these blockchains and make them interoperable. Cosmos treats interoperability levels as a spectrum and allows each blockchain in the network to choose how it interacts with the others. These relationships together constitute the cross-chain.

1.Cosmos uses the modularity of Tendermint BFT and Cosmos SDK to make blockchain powerful and easy to develop. 2.Cosmos enables blockchains to transfer value to each other via IBC and PEG-Zones, while allowing them to retain their sovereignty. 3.Cosmos allows blockchain applications to scale to millions of users with horizontal and vertical scalability solutions.

1. Maintain network consensus; 2. Pledge through excitation based validator node; 3. Pay for gas; 4. Provide a voting mechanism to propose network fixes through the Cosmos Governance proposal.

1. Support public and private blockchains: Tendermint BFT only deals with the network and consensus of blockchains, which means it helps nodes propagate transactions and verifiers agree on a set of transactions to attach to the blockchain. The application layer defines how the validator set is constructed. As a result, developers can build public and private blockchains on top of the Tendermint BFT engine. If applications define verifiers to be elected based on the number of tokens they hold, then blockchain can be represented as proof of stake (PoS). However, a blockchain can be described as licensed or private if the application defines that only a limited set of pre-authorized entities can act as validators. Developers are free to customize the rules that define how the set of blockchain validators changes. 2. High performance: Tendermint BFT has a block churning time of about 1 second and can process up to thousands of transactions per second. 3. Immediate finality: An attribute of the Tendermint consensus algorithm is immediate finality. This means that as long as more than a third of the verifiers are honest (Byzantium), there will never be a fork. Users can be assured that their transactions are completed immediately after the block is created (this is not the case in blockchains as evidenced by work like Bitcoin and Ethereum). 4. Security: The Tendermint Consensus is not only fault tolerant, it's also robust. If the blockchain forks, there is a way to determine liability.

Initially allocated to donors from Cosmos Fundraiser (75%), major donors (5%), Cosmos Network Foundation (10%) and ALL IN BITS, Inc (10%). From creation, 1/3 of the total amount of atoms will be awarded to the binding verifier and client each year.

1. Scalability: A network of application-specific chains is more scalable than a blockchain where everything must be protected by all verifiers, even sharding platforms have an upper limit. Cosmos Zone expands "horizontally" through dynamic registration points based on acceptable counterparty security assumptions. 2. Miner extractable Value (MEV) resistance: Applying exclusive sovereign chains can have strong MEV mitigation measures and can have high granularity control over the incentives to which they are subject. The transaction ordering mechanism can be tailored to specific use cases (for example, Cosmos Hub's AMM forces all transactions to be processed in batches in a block). Each Cosmos Zone sects only one application, so they are less likely to accumulate MEV over time than platforms that provide arbitrary programmability. In that sense, Cosmos Zone is closer to the Bitcoin blockchain than ethereum. In addition, zones can choose who they interoperate with, so they are not externally incentivised by arbitrary applications as they would be on a shared platform. 3. Developer experience: Cosmos Zone optimizes the runtime for specific applications rather than general optimizations (for example, EVM for Ethereum virtual Machines). Developers can use any language and tools they want, many of which now have SDK bindings available. 4. Defensible: Since the Zone is responsible for its own security, its tokens and value capture are harder to fork, making it even less likely that there will be a race to the bottom

Cosmos uses a proof-of-equity consensus algorithm. Validation nodes that hold more ATOM tokens are more likely to be selected to validate the transaction and receive a reward. Nodes found to be acting dishonestly are punished and could end up losing the tokens they hold.

Advantages of Cosmos over Polkadot are as follows: 1.Polkadot has a restrictive and more costly parallel chain membership process; 2. Better customizability for specific projects; 3. Parallel chain malicious verifiers may spread messages throughout the network. Cosmos limits malicious messages to regions and corresponding assets; 4. Many projects already use the Cosmos SDK; 5. Focus on making asset transfers easier and easier to get right.

The Tendermint BFT Consensus mechanism, THE IBCProtocol and the Cosmos SDK make it significantly easier for software engineers to build their own blockchain protocols as part of the Cosmos network. Many leading blockchain enterprises have created the core of Cosmos Network by using its flexible and interoperable framework.

The Tendermint BFT Consensus mechanism, IBCProtocol, and Cosmos SDK are all designed to simplify how software engineers can build their own blockchain protocols as part of the Cosmos network. Many leading blockchain enterprises have created the core of Cosmos Network by using its flexible and interoperable framework. Cosmos Hub itself is an extremely robust decentralized blockchain network, whose structure and governance allow network participants to remain calm with ATOM coins as a mechanism to promote security, consensus, and operational efficiency. The Cosmos network helps address many of the current potential interoperability challenges that are fundamental limitations to today's blockchain technology.

Competition in the cross-chain space is bound to be fierce, with a number of strong competitors likely to emerge, and whether Cosmos can maintain its current dominance in the long term remains to be seen.

The Cosmos project is well known for its technical advantages. It has been well recognized in the industry for several years and has been selected by well-known institutions such as Binance.